AI Meets Political Philosophy: Algorithms, Justice, and the Future of Governance

Farhan Ferdaus

At the dawn of the third millennium, we are witnessing a monumental transformation in society, philosophy, and political structures. At the heart of this change lies Artificial intelligence (AI). This force is disrupting the old-world order. For thousands of years, mankind’s problems have always been the same: war, famine, and plague. While wars persist, famines and plague have decreased preponderantly. Humanity diverted its attention from these problems and focused on artificial intelligence (AI). Traditionally, political philosophy deals with justice, governance, and ethics. It seeks to answer timeless questions about how we should rule and structure our society. Now, as AI is being used in decision-making and policy frameworks, it is compelling us to consider what these systems can do and cannot do. What are its limits? And most notably, how do we align AI with humanity’s core values?

What is AI?

AI denotes the computer systems that can make decisions, solve problems, analyze data, and make recommendations. It can learn from experience, understand natural language, and simulate human intelligence.

Figure 1 How big is the threat of artificial intelligence over elections?
Photo Credit: The Indian Express

For example, Netflix uses AI algorithms to recommend which shows to watch, your phone predicts the next word you’ll type, Daraz provides product recommendations based on previous shopping activity, etc.

What is governance?

Governance means to guide and control the actions, policies, and functions of a nation. It denotes how rules, policies, and decisions are made in a society by governments.

What is justice?

Justice denotes what is morally right. It is the quality of being just, impartial, or fair. Justice ensures people get what they deserve without any discrimination.

How AI and Political Philosophy Interplay

Implications of AI systems and algorithms challenge the old questions in a new context. For instance, with the applications of AI, questions arise like:

The Problem: AI learns from data that may be biased.

Algorithms in decision-making:

Yuval Noah Harari argues in his book Homo Deus that AI systems can make better decisions. This is because they rely on data rather than emotions. The concern is, if we rely solely on AI systems for taking decisions, doesn’t it exclude the human element, i.e., our judgement, empathy, etc.?

Eradication of Liberalism:

A lot of political scientists believe that human political structures are data-processing systems. As the data-processing states change, democracy is at risk of extinction. The volume and speed of data is increasing. Therefore, institutions like elections, parties, and parliaments may become obsolete. It is not because they are unethical but because they cannot process data efficiently enough. These institutions evolved in an era (nineteenth and twentieth centuries) when politics moved faster than technology. The Industrial Revolution unfolded slowly, making ample time for politicians and voters to remain one step ahead of it. They could maintain its course. However, technology has marched the mountains, whereas politics has remained in the valley. Technological revolutions currently outpace political processes. This causes MPs and voters to lose control of it.

Professor Geoffrey Hinton expressed his concern that AI systems can take power to the hands of corporations and governments. For instance, AI can make complex propaganda, surveillance, and autonomous warfare. This undermines democratic institutions. As a result, authoritarian regimes can easily ensure tighter control (like the one in George Orwell’s 1984)

Once AI systems can influence our decisions and better understand us, individual freedom and rights can easily be controlled. This contradicts liberalism. The question comes: if AI knows us better than ourselves, do we really have any freedom?

Data and Disparity: The New Face of Inequality

Dr. Kate Fredenberg draws her views from Marxist and sociological perspectives that AI can shape societal power structures. In the industrial revolution, factory owners used technology to centralize power. Dr. Kate thinks that AI might similarly centralize decision-making in large corporations or governments. A few big tech companies and governments have most of the world’s data in their hands. These help them to use data to be richer and influence other people’s lives. Therefore, rich people get more advantages, leaving the ordinary men behind.

During the industrial revolution, working-class people were neglected. Data in the hands of some large corporations can make them ignored and obsolete. (Amazon workers are being replaced by robots; 750,000 robots are working in its warehouses, which is about half of its 1.55 million human workers.) This raises the question in terms of fairness and justice.

How can we prevent AI from increasing inequality? (Cyberpunk movie had a lot of similar elements.)

AI and the Social Contract: Philosophical Reinterpretations

Political philosophers like John Rawls, Immanuel Kant, and Thomas Hobbes focused on ideas about fairness and equality. They debated about how governments may distribute resources and power. These beliefs shape our thinking about justice and the state’s role in citizens’ lives. Implementation of AI in running public systems and shaping policies is disrupting the way we think about these ideas.

Professor Geoffrey Hinton (the Godfather of AI) elucidates that AI systems do not follow fixed rules like traditional computer programs. Neural networks of AI systems learn from data and adapt. This is similar to how humans learn. As a result, AI can fit into the old ways of thinking about fairness and accountability. For instance, Rawls’ theory of justice focuses on fairness through the “veil of ignorance.”. AI may simulate this theory, but it struggles to achieve without bias in practice. Governments depend on AI tools to optimize resource allocation and forecast societal outcomes.

However, philosophical questions remain: Who decides the ethical values encompassed in AI systems? Who ensures its accountability? Is it the developers or the policymakers?

Building an Ethical Future: Strategies for Responsible AI Development

In order to make AI development more ethical, an all-encompassing approach is essential.

  1. Comprehensive Ethical Frameworks: Several ethical frameworks for AI are undertaken over the years. The EU AI Act ensures fairness, accountability, and transparency. The OECD AI Principles (US, Japan, and EU) focus on robustness and security. The United States AI Bill of Rights (Proposed 2022) emphasizes protecting citizens from the risks of AI (algorithmic transparency and data privacy). Lastly, Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework ensures that there is clarity in decision-making processes and accountability of AI applications.
  2. Transparency Tools: These tools help humans understand how AI systems work. Transparency tools are vital because they reduce the biases prevailing in their trained data.
  3. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: This approach includes ethicists, policymakers, and sociologists in AI systems design.
  4. Global Cooperation: This ensures that countries do not create conflicting rules. AI needs to respect borders. One AI system in a country can create cyberattacks for another country. This needs to be prevented. Unified regulations help to ensure fair competition and compliance.
  5. Economic Redistribution: AI’s impact can lead to job losses. This fueled the conditions required for fueling fascism in the 20th century. By utilizing social safety nets and retraining programs, these can be prevented.

Overall, the collaboration of political philosophers, policymakers, and technologists can ensure that AI serves for the benefit of mankind and makes governance fairer and just.

By harmonizing the disciplines of AI and political philosophy, we can shape a future that respects both technological advancements and core human values.

Author____________________________________________________

Farhan Ferdaus studied his Masters in Information Systems at Kobe Institute of Computing. He graduated from Military Institute of Technology (MIST) with a BSc in CSE. Passionate about the intersection of technology and society, Farhan explores how innovations like AI can reshape governance and justice. He has contributed to academic projects on AI ethics and is keen on sparking discussions that bridge technical advancements with philosophical insights.

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